Knowledge transfer costs and dependence as determinants of financial reporting

Abstract This paper examines the circumstances in which financial reporting exists. Jensen and Meckling (1995 ) observe that where there are high knowledge transfer costs, then decentralisation is necessary; and that where decentralisation occurs there is a control problem, which can be addressed by providing a control system. I predict that where there are high knowledge transfer costs there will be a control system; if the control system uses financial reports, these will occur for activities with high knowledge transfer costs. The ability to decentralise is reduced where dependence makes it potentially costly to allow a subordinate to make decisions about the activity. The paper predicts that high dependence will be negatively associated with the existence of financial reports. The results confirm the predictions that financial reports are positively associated with knowledge transfer costs and negatively associated with dependence.     

Perceptual difference of dependence and its impact on conflict in marketing channels in China: An empirical study with two-sided data

Although many firms have adopted the relational exchange or relationship marketing philosophy for developing long-term inter-firm relationships in marketing channels, the issues pertaining to channel conflict still deserve further investigation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possible impact of perceptual difference of dependence between members in channel dyads on perceived channel conflict. By analyzing paired data collected from both sides of supplier-retailer dyads in China, we test two hypotheses about perceptual difference of dependence and its impact on conflict. We found that there was considerable perceptual difference of dependence between both sides of the dyads, and that the perceptual difference of dependence asymmetry between the two was positively associated with channel conflict perceived by the supplier side. Both researchers and practitioners should be aware of such differences when confronted with channel conflict issues, especially in international channel settings.     

Residential Asking Rents and Time on the Market

Landlords offering a house in the rental market face a difficult strategic pricing decision. The revenue maximizing decision for the landlord involves a tradeoff between the rental rate and time on the market. Because the turnover of renters is higher than owners, and because the landlord must bear some carrying costs on a vacant house, pricing the rent too high may decrease revenue due to a higher vacancy period and pricing it too low may reduce the revenue when occupied. While there is substantial research on the relationship between listed prices and time on the market for freehold interests, this is the first study to provide empirical evidence on the relationship between asking rent, contract rent and time on the market for single family residential rental (leasehold) property interests. We present two models; a rental price model and a duration model for time-on-the market. Using data from the Dallas–Fort Worth area we find that landlords who set a lower asking rent relative to predicted rent can expect a shorter marketing period for their properties. The results also indicate that overpricing the asking rent and then lowering it at a later date leads to a longer marketing time (after the reset) and often a lower rent. These finding are reasonably robust for low-, mid-, and higher-valued rental properties.

Measuring financial risks with copulas

This paper is concerned with the statistical modeling of the dependence structure of multivariate financial data using the concept of copulas. We select some special copulas and identify the type of dependency captured by each one. We fit copulas to daily returns and simulate from the fitted models. We compare the effect of the choice of copula on risk measures and assess the variability of one-step-ahead predictions of portfolio losses. We analyze extreme scenarios and fit extreme value copulas to the block maxima and minima from daily returns. The stress scenarios constructed are compared to those obtained using models from the extreme value theory. We illustrate the usefulness of the copula approach using two stock market indexes.     

A flexible model for actuarial risks under dependence

Methods for computing risk measures, such as stop-loss premiums, tacitly assume independence of the underlying individual risks. This can lead to huge errors even when only small dependencies occur. In the present paper, a general model is developed which covers what happens in practice in a realistic way. Moreover, it is also flexible, in the sense that it allows application in practice. Accurate and transparent approximations are presented, and the results obtained are illustrated through explicit examples.     

中国进口贸易关系持续时间及其影响因素的经验分析

根据2000～2006年海关进口贸易数据,运用Kaplan-Meier曲线和Cox比例风险模型考察中国公司与各贸易伙伴进口贸易关系持续时间及其影响因素。分析发现:(1)从"公司—产品"微观层面上看,中国进口贸易关系持续时间短,中国进口贸易关系是在动态中不断调整的:在大量贸易关系结束的同时,又不断地形成新的贸易关系。(2)语言、人均GDP、GDP、产品交易额和初始交易额等因素对于进口贸易关系持续时间的影响为正,距离因素对于进口贸易关系持续时间的影响为负。     

基于随机久期的商业银行价值优化研究

通过分析商业银行价值的本质,比较企业价值的理论及评估方法和讨论商业银行的利率风险及度量方法,选择了收益法以银行的净现金流量为研究口径来分析银行净资产价值的优化问题。定义了金融工具基于连续时点的随机久期,应用随机久期方法管理银行的利率风险,通过久期缺口分析,证明了银行净资产价值与利率之间的关系,得出了银行价值的优化路径,即通过平衡现金流、风险及持续经营三者之间的关系,达到商业银行价值的最佳平衡状态。最后,分析了研究中的局限性以及值得深入探讨的工作方向。     

我国商业融资性担保行业特性研究

我国融资性担保行业在为中小企业融资中起到了很好的作用,但是在运营中担保行业普遍存在一些特性却限制了担保行业的规范发展。怎样弥补由于这些特性带来的担保行业运营中的问题,需要政府对担保行业给与各种政策方面的支持。     

基于贸易国内增加值视角的中国外贸依存度研究

在国际分工和全球生产价值链深化背景下,按贸易国内增加值来核算贸易额必将成为贸易新统计标准。为此,本文从贸易国内增加值视角,利用WIOT数据库提供的单区域（进口）非竞争型投入产出表,提出基于出口贸易国内增加值的外贸依存度测算方法。结果表明：样本期间内,中国外贸依存度总体上呈迅速上升趋势,其计算结果高于沈氏公式的测算结果,低于传统公式测算的结果;中国具有出口优势的产业逐渐由劳动密集型产业转向资本密集型产业。加入WTO之前,中国外贸依存度仅高于美国、日本、巴西、土耳其和印度,与澳大利亚、法国和墨西哥相近,处于适中水平;加入WTO之后,中国大陆外贸依存度持续攀升,至2008年仅低于中国台湾,2009年虽下降,但仅低于中国台湾、韩国、欧盟和德国。进一步观察发现,在整个样本期间内,中国大陆劳动密集型产业和金属冶炼及压延加工业的外贸依存度有所下降,而电气与光学设备制造业外贸依存度呈上升趋势,至2009年,仅低于中国台湾与墨西哥。     

技术变迁中的路径依赖与锁定及其政策含义

不同于新古典主义经济学的完全均衡和静态分析,演化经济学将技术创新置于一个演化的环境之中。在演化经济学看来,技术、经济系统是具有正反馈机制的随机非线性动态系统,系统一旦为某种偶然事件所影响,就会沿着一条固定的轨迹或路径一直演化下去,由此则可能形成技术变迁的路径依赖与锁定。从演化经济学的视角出发,探讨了技术变迁的路径依赖与变迁成因、机理,指出了其缺陷,并从政策层面上提出了解决途径。